2008年碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試初試試題
對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)
2008年碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試初試試題
考試科目：815 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)綜合
一、 名詞解釋(每小題3分，共12 分)
    1、范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)
     2、帕累托改進(jìn)
     3、成本推動(dòng)通貨膨脹
     4、流動(dòng)性陷阱
二、單項(xiàng)選擇(10題，每小題1分，共10分)
  1、對(duì)于商品房?jī)r(jià)格將會(huì)進(jìn)一步上升的預(yù)期，導(dǎo)致的直接結(jié)果是目前商品房市場(chǎng)中的（？）
      A．供應(yīng)量增加  B：供給增加  C．需求量增加   D．需求增加
   2、如果閑暇是正常品，則財(cái)產(chǎn)性收入的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)供給量（？）
      A．增加    B．減少   C.不改變   D．不確定
3、根據(jù)基尼系數(shù)的大小，下列四個(gè)國家中哪一個(gè)國家的分配最為平均：（？）
      A.甲國的基尼系數(shù)為0.20       B.乙國的基尼系數(shù)為0.35
C.丙國的基尼系數(shù)為0.50       D.丁國的基尼系數(shù)為0.60
   4、在一級(jí)價(jià)格歧視下，（？）。     
      A．廠商根據(jù)消費(fèi)者的需求價(jià)格彈性不同收取不同價(jià)格
      B．廠商可以在不同時(shí)間向消贊者收取不同價(jià)格
      C．廠商只是改變了定價(jià)的方式，但是并沒有改變產(chǎn)量水平
D．產(chǎn)品的邊際收益等于產(chǎn)品價(jià)格
   5、對(duì)于生產(chǎn)相同產(chǎn)品的廠商來說，（？）模型分析得到的結(jié)論與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型的結(jié)論相同。
      A．古諾(Cournot)                B.斯塔克伯格（Stackbelberg）
     C．伯特蘭德(Bertrand)           D.主導(dǎo)廠商（Dominant Firm）
6、向政府雇員支付的報(bào)酬屬于（？）
      A.政府購買支出   B.轉(zhuǎn)移支付   C.政府稅收   D.消費(fèi)
   7、決定美國和中國的投資乘數(shù)不一樣的因素主要是：
      A．兩國的平均消費(fèi)傾向差異    B．兩國的邊際消費(fèi)傾向差異
C．兩國的企業(yè)投資規(guī)模差異    D．兩國的投資預(yù)期收益差異
   8、在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)模型中，衡量技術(shù)進(jìn)步最常用的度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是（？）
      A．勞動(dòng)利用程度              B．資本利用程度
C．索洛剩余                  D．勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率
9、通常認(rèn)為，下列屬于緊縮貨幣的政策是（？）
      A．提高貼現(xiàn)率                B．增加貨幣供給
C．降低法定準(zhǔn)備金率          D．中央銀行頭入政府債券
10、在浮動(dòng)匯率制的開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中，凈出口受到實(shí)際擴(kuò)率變動(dòng)的影響，財(cái)政政策效應(yīng)（？）
      A．與封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)中的效應(yīng)并無區(qū)別
      B．小于封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)中的效應(yīng)
      C．大于封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)中的效應(yīng)
D．可能大于、等于或小于封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)中的效應(yīng)
三、判斷下列表述的內(nèi)容是否正確(每小題1 分，共10 分)
    1．如采所有商品的價(jià)格變成原來的兩倍，而收入變成原來收入的三倍，則消費(fèi)者的預(yù)算線會(huì)平行向外移動(dòng)。
     2．如果效用函數(shù)U(X，Y)=5X+6Y，則無差異曲線的邊際替代率是遞減的。
     3．只有當(dāng)生產(chǎn)一定產(chǎn)量的生產(chǎn)者剩余非負(fù)時(shí)，廠商才會(huì)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。
     4．根據(jù)古諾模型，如果廠商越多，那么達(dá)到均衡時(shí)行業(yè)的利潤(rùn)越大。
     5．若生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)中存在正的外在性(externality)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)崢效率就能提高。
6．國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)中不包括折舊和轉(zhuǎn)移支付。
     7．附加預(yù)期的菲利普斯曲線表明：短期中通貨膨脹和失業(yè)之間存在替代關(guān)系，而長(zhǎng)期中這種替代關(guān)系并不存在。
8、如果投機(jī)性貨幣需求曲線接近水平形狀，這意味著貨幣需求不受利率的影響。
     9、政府支出的增加將使總供給曲線向左移動(dòng)。
10、失業(yè)救濟(jì)金的提高有助于降低自然失業(yè)率。
四、計(jì)算與分析題(每題8 分，共16 分)
    l、在某一商品市場(chǎng)上，有100個(gè)相同的消費(fèi)者，每個(gè)人的需求函數(shù)都是Qd=28—2P；同時(shí)有10 個(gè)相同的生產(chǎn)者。，每個(gè)生產(chǎn)者的供給函數(shù)都是Qs=40P 一20。其中，Qd 和Qs分別代表需求量和供給量，單位：個(gè)；P代表價(jià)格，單位：元。
(1)求該商品的市場(chǎng)均衡價(jià)格和均衡交易量：
(2)如果政府對(duì)每單位商品征收3 元的銷售稅，消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者各自承擔(dān)了多少稅收負(fù)擔(dān)?政府得到的稅收總量是多少?  
(3)消費(fèi)者剩余、生產(chǎn)者剩余及無謂損失有多大?
   2、假設(shè)某一國家的居民總是將可支配收入中的10％用于儲(chǔ)蓄，且充分就業(yè)的國民收入為7000 億美元。今年的私人投資支出為900 億美元，政府購買支出為600 億美元，出口為200億美元，自發(fā)性消費(fèi)為500億美元，平均稅率為10％，進(jìn)口函數(shù)為M=0.21Y。若，請(qǐng)計(jì)算今年該國政府的預(yù)算盈余和充分就業(yè)時(shí)預(yù)算盈余，并據(jù)i比說明該國政府目前的財(cái)政政策是擴(kuò)張性的還是緊縮性的。

五、簡(jiǎn)答題(每題7分，共28 分)
l、為什么說邊際報(bào)酬遞減規(guī)律是短期成本變動(dòng)的決定因素?
2、舉例說明信息不對(duì)稱所產(chǎn)生的逆向選擇(adverse selection)問題如何導(dǎo)致了商品市場(chǎng)中的市場(chǎng)失靈。
3、為什么說消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)(CPI)往往高估了價(jià)格上漲的幅度?
4、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的目標(biāo)是什么?為達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)可采用的政策工具有哪些？
六、論述題（每題12 分，共24 分）
1、物業(yè)稅，又稱“財(cái)產(chǎn)稅”或“地產(chǎn)稅”，主要針對(duì)土地、房屋等不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，要求其所有者或承租人每年都繳付一定稅款，稅額隨房產(chǎn)的升值而提高，試?yán)�用�?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理分析征收物業(yè)稅對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的影響？
2、根據(jù)IS—LM模型分析資本完全流動(dòng)的開放經(jīng)濟(jì)中貨幣政策的有效性。
七、英譯漢（共三段、共50 分）
1.（20分）Since the barbaric “breaking wheel” was replaced by the guillotine in 18th-century France, methods of execution have increasingly sought to end life speedily rather than inflict long agony. There can, however, be few decapitations less painful than those at big American banks. On November 4th Chuck Prince left the boss's office at Citigroup, the world's largest bank, with the “tremendous support and respect” of the board ringing in his ears, even though the firm had to write down $8
billion-11 billion in October alone (see article). A week earlier, Stan O'Neal lost his job at Merrill Lynch after leading the investment bank to a loss with $8.4 billion of write-downs. He too entered retirement not on a tumbril but in a limousine, with $160m to soothe his discomfort.

However churlish you may feel about Wall Street's new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute”—the departure of two of America's most senior bankers in a week is a good sign. Accountability, after all, is a step towards clarity, and there are few more coveted resources in today's fog-strewn and stormy banking industry. Both departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before. That attempt at honesty may have spooked the market because it showed how unsure the banks remain about how to value their subprime-related assets, but that is no reason to shy away from such disclosures.

One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to recognise and shed bad debts, in effect keeping “zombie” loans on their books. That is one reason why the country's economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognise their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.

2、Consumer Protection（20 分）

The contract of sale is one in which buyer and seller are assttmed to be in a position of general equality, so that the main function of the law is to work out the appropriate consequences of what may be assumed to be the common intention of the parties. It is obvious, however, that in a very large number of sales this is by itself an unsuitable technique. The buyer may by virtue of haste, ignorance, gullibility, inferior bargaining position or simple imprudence enter into a transaction in which the goods supplied, or the term of contract, or both are unsatisfactory to him and in many circumstances it may be felt that he is desmwing protection. The protection required may be specific,i.e. there may be a need for a private remedy in a particular situation; or general, i.e. it may be desirable to control unacceptable practices of a particular type. A seller may also, thought less often, appear to require such protection against the buyer. The civil law has on the whole, save in the case of conscious deception, taken little account of these problems: its outlook is indeed sometimes expressed by the maxitn caveat emptor (Latin: let the buyer beware). Even where there is a remedy, its exercise may be troublesome or risky for the consumer. But the general problem has in fact been the subject of attention for many centuries. Attempts to regulate the price of staple commodities (e.g. bread), and to control measurements and measuring equipment (e.g. in the sale of beer and coal) date back to the Middle Ages. More recently, however, the movement towards the protection of the consumer, who may in this context beroughly defined as private buyer from a commercial seller, and who is the person thought most in need of such protection, has increased greatly in strength and prominence. Statues and regulations have sought to protect consumers; officials have been appointed who have consumer protection as their function or among their functions ;organizations of consumers seek to promote their interests; studies are conducted into the problems of consumer protection; and the various organs of the European Union and its predecessors has since 1975 taken a vigorous interest in consumer affairs .Indeed, the European Community is committed to ensure “a high level of consumer protection”and to contributing “to protecting the health, safety and economic interests of consumers ,as well as promoting their right to information, education and to organise themselvesin order to safeguardtheir interests.

3、（10 分）Undoubtedly ,the overall competitiveness of an economy that runs a persistent deficit or surplus is a decisive factor influencing the sustainability of the trade or current-account balance. Indeed, in the past, large corrections of deficits usually went hand in hand with huge devaluations of the nominal and real values of the currencies affected. Empirical evidence has shown that changes in the real effective exchanges rate(REER),the most comprehensive measure of the overall competitiveness of countries, have the potential to reduce deficits or to cause swings in the trade and current account from deficit to surplus, because they induce an expenditure switch between demand for domestic and foreign goods.        zz

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